Trachyspermum ammi
Trachyspermum genus contains more than 15 species and is one of the Apiaceae family genera which limited distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in various Asia regions.
Trachyspermum ammi Linn. Is a highly branched annual herb with heights between 60 and 90 cm. The white actinomorphic flowers. The corolla consists of bilobed, five‐petaled flowers, and five stamens alternate with the petals. The ovary is inferior, and the stigma resembles a bud. Its grayish‐brown oval‐shaped seeds, flattened (approximately 2 mm in length and 1.7 mm in width). Each mericarp exhibits 5 ridges and 6 vittae, usually distinct, featuring five main ridges. This plant has pinnate leaves with a single terminal leaf let and seven pairs of lateral leaflets
The Trachyspermum ammi, “Bishop's weed” in English and “Kammun” in Arabic and “königskümmel in Germany used as most important traditional medicinal plant as well as spices in cooking and aromatherapy in many regions of the world[1] . traditionally is widely used for the treatment of various complications include bronchial issues, migraines, constipation, flatulence, dyspepsia, diarrhea, and intestinal worm’s infections[2].
the seeds essential oil consists high amount of thymol that caused for known properties include fungicide, germicide, and antispasmodic activities. Its historical usage in inflammatory conditions and gastrointestinal disorders has led to T. ammi seeds are utilized as important anti‐inflammatory agents. Also, traditionally Trachyspermum ammi have a blood pressure reducing effect[3].
Trachyspermum ammi has a long history of use for a number of culinary and edible uses in been extensively cultivated as a vegetable in the north-ern and
northeastern regions of Asia[3]. Also used as flavoring ingredient and food preservation purposes[4]. Trachyspermum ammi has several classes of natural chemicals including volatile and nonvolatile (coumarins, phenolic glucosides, terpenoids and phthalides) compounds.
Trachyspermum ammi essential oil contains two main categories of compounds include primarily phenols (more than 60 % of contain), and monoterpenes.
High amount of thymol (40-60%) reported from the fruits of this plant, other compounds include γ‐terpinene (20-35%), p‐cymene (20-30 %), and carvacrol (5-10 %) as the predominant components. Minor significant non‐phenolic constituents such as camphene, and myrcene also were reported from ajowan seeds[5].
**This content is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician.
Chemical composition (%) some of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil from India and Iran
|
|
India |
Iran |
|
Thymol |
40-48 |
40-60 |
|
Cymene |
20-25 |
15-20 |
|
γ-terpinene |
20-35 |
14-16 |
|
Eugenol |
up to 2 |
up to 2 |
|
β-pinene |
up to 2 |
up to 2 |
|
verbenol |
up to 1 |
trace |
Applications and Benefits of in Various Industries:
1- Pharmaceutical Industry
Ajwain essential oil is highly valued in the pharmaceutical industry due to its potent antimicrobial and medicinal properties. Its high thymol content makes it effective against various bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and fungi (Candida albicans), making it useful for treating skin infections, wounds, and oral diseases. It is widely used in digestive health treatments as a carminative and antispasmodic, helping to relieve bloating, gas, and stomach cramps by stimulating digestive enzymes. Additionally, ajwain oil serves as a bronchodilator and decongestant, making it beneficial for treating respiratory issues like asthma, bronchitis, and cough. Its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in relieving joint and muscle pain when applied topically.
2- Food and Beverage Industry
Ajwain essential oil is widely used as a flavoring agent in the food and beverage industry due to its strong, pungent aroma and slightly bitter taste. Thymol, the main active component, provides a distinct flavor to processed foods, pickles, and condiments. It also acts as a natural preservative because of its antimicrobial properties, extending the shelf life of food products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, ajwain oil is used in health beverages and digestive aids due to its carminative properties, promoting better digestion and reducing gastrointestinal discomfort.
3- Cosmetic and Personal Care Industry
In the cosmetic and personal care industry, ajwain essential oil is incorporated into skincare products due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps treat acne, rashes, and skin infections while also providing antioxidant protection against free radical damage, reducing signs of aging. In hair care, ajwain oil is added to shampoos and hair oils to treat dandruff and scalp infections, and to promote hair growth by strengthening hair follicles. Its strong, aromatic scent also makes it valuable in aromatherapy products, where it is used to reduce stress and improve mental clarity.
4- Agriculture and Pest Control Industry
Ajwain essential oil is gaining importance in the agriculture industry as a natural pesticide and insecticide. Its high thymol content makes it toxic to pests, including mosquitoes and agricultural insects. It acts as a safer, eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, helping to protect crops from fungal infections and insect attacks. Moreover, it has plant growth-promoting properties, enhancing germination and overall plant health when used in diluted form.
5- Industrial Applications
In the industrial sector, ajwain essential oil is used in the production of disinfectants, soaps, detergents, and cleaning agents due to its strong antimicrobial action. Thymol-based cleaners are effective in killing mold, bacteria, and viruses, making them ideal for use in hospitals, food processing units, and homes. Its distinct aroma also makes it a popular ingredient in the perfume and fragrance industry, where it is blended with woody and spicy notes to create unique, long-lasting scents.
6- Medical and Alternative Health Uses
Ajwain essential oil is valued in alternative medicine for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its high thymol and γ-terpinene content protect cells from oxidative damage, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. It is also used in traditional medicine for its anti-parasitic properties, helping to eliminate intestinal worms and parasites. When used in massage oils, it relieves muscle tension and joint pain. Its use in inhalation therapy helps relieve congestion and respiratory discomfort.
References
1- A. Wisetsai, R. Lekphrom and F. T. Schevenels, Natural product research 2018, 32, 2499.
2- M. A. Razzak, Int J Unani Integr Med 2020, 4, 19.
3- F. Siddiquie, F. Ahsan, T. Mahmood, M. A. Ahmad, A. Singh and S. Bano, Food Safety and Health 2024.
4- P. Ravindran, 'The encyclopedia of herbs and spices', CABI, 2017.
5- S. Masoudi, A. Rustaiyan, N. Ameri, A. Monfared, H. Komeilizadeh, M. Kamalinejad and J. Jamir-Roodi, Journal of essential oil research 2002, 14, 288.
